Edurete.org

Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale
Le Statut est entré en vigueur le
1er juillet 2002.
Segnalato da: Ornella Biancotto
19 anni in poi
***
http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/about/officialjournal/Rome_Statute_French.pdf

Statuto di Roma della Corte Penale Internazionale
Statuto di Roma della Corte Penale Internazionale entrato in vigore il 1 luglio 2002.
Segnalato da: Ornella Biancotto
19 anni in poi
***
http://files.studiperlapace.it/docs/romastat.pdf

Stone e Shorter
Questo sito offre una classificazione dei vari modelli di famiglia e cita, tra gli altri, gli studiosi Stone e Shorter.
Segnalato da: Emanuela Coppa
19 anni in poi
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http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storiografia/lemmi/142.htm

Sudafrica. La narcomafia nigeriana controlla la piu' fiorente industria di droga dell'Africa estrema
Con un volume d'affari di circa 170 mln Usd all'anno, Durban e' la capitale dell'industria della droga nell'Africa estrema. La narcomafia e' controllata prevalentemente da nigeriani. Secondo l'INCB (International Narcotics Control Board), il Sud Africa e' diventato il principale centro del traffico africano di cocaina. L'americana Dea sostiene che i cartelli nigeriani controllano l'80% della cocaina prodotta in questo Paese.
Segnalato da: Giorgio Angelo
1-5 anni
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http://droghe.aduc.it/php/articolo.php?id=8137

TEMPLE OF ISIS
Isis, in Egyptian mythology, goddess of fertility and motherhood. According to the Egyptian belief, she was the daughter of the god Keb ("Earth") and the goddess Nut ("Sky"), the sister-wife of Osiris, judge of the dead, and mother of Horus, god of day
Segnalato da: Enrica Iozzi
19 anni in poi
**
http://sangha.net/messengers/isis.htm

Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: Threats and Roles of Explosives and
Narcotics Detection Technology (Briefing Report, 03/27/96,
GAO/NSIAD/RCED-96-76BR).

Segnalato da: Giorgio Angelo
1-5 anni
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http://nsi.org/Library/Terrorism/terrordrug.txt

Terrorismo en Colombia e internacional
Video Terrorismo en Colombia e internacional
Segnalato da: Giorgio Angelo
1-5 anni
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http://dailymotion.alice.it/video/x3vrl_terrorismo-en-colombia-e-internacio_politics

The Arusha Court
The UN decided to establish the court in Arusha, Tanzania for two main reasons: one, because they were concerned about the safety of the witnesses in Rwanda; and two, because they felt that Kigali lacked adequate resources.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~warcrime/Rwanda/Rwanda_History_of_the_Conflict.htm

The CIA
The CIA's Drug-Trafficking Activities
The CIA, Cocaine Smuggling at Mena and the Train Deaths
Mind Control and the CIA's Use of LSD
Ralph McGehee and CIABASE
The CIA and Torture
More about the CIA
Links to Further Documents Concerning the CIA
Segnalato da: Giorgio Angelo
1-5 anni
*
http://www.serendipity.li/cia.html

The civil war in Rwanda
The recent violence within Rwanda had its origins in the October 1990 attack by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from their bases in Uganda. Predominantly of Tutsi origin, many of the members of the RPF were refugees, or descendants of refugees, who fled Rwanda during the postcolonial establishment of a Hutu-dominated government in the early 1960s. The RPF proved to be a skilled fighting force; its leadership and soldiers had gained valuable military experience fighting with Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army in western Uganda. After the expatriates from Rwanda participated in the successful overthrow of Ugandan leader Milton Obote in 1985, they created the RPF.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm

The conflict in Rwanda
The conflict in Rwanda is not a tribal conflict, nor fundamentally an ethnic conflict between the majority Hutu and minority Tutsi, according to the Southern Ontario—based Rwandan Relief Committee. The group characterizes the situation as 'well-planned and systematic massacres' by a small but trained and well-armed section of the population. This group is made up of presidential guards hand-picked by the late president Habyalimana for their extremist views. Posing as youth brigades of the ruling party, "they were armed and prepared to kill in the event of a change of government."

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.perc.ca/PEN/1994-07-08/s-rwanda.html

THE FORGOTTEN WOMAN:
Prostitution was a profession which was held in somewhat less disrepute in Roman times than in many countries today, although the woman plying her trade in a lupenar had none of the respect allotted courtesans (hetairai) in Greece. The Romans were pragmatic about sex.
Segnalato da: Enrica Iozzi
19 anni in poi
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http://web.mac.com/heraklia/Dominae/Forgotten/index.html

The Gacaca courts
The Gacaca courts were resurrected in Rwanda as an indigenous form of restorative justice. The principles and process of these courts hope to mitigate the failures of “Arusha Justice” at the tribunal and seeks to punish or reintegrate over one hundred thousands genocide suspects. Its restorative foundations require that suspects will be tried and judged by neighbours in their community. However, the revelation that Gacaca is a reconciliatory justice does not preclude its potential for inciting ethnic tension it if purports to serve as an instrument of Tutsi power.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v8/v8i1a4.htm

The Gacaca courts
The Gacaca Court model is based on traditional Rwandan tools for resolving conflict. "Gacaca" refers to the grassy area where people would meet.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0511/051110.htm

The genocide in Rwanda
Although on a large scale, this genocide was carried out entirely by hand, often using machetes and clubs. The men who'd been trained to massacre were members of civilian death squads, the Interahamwe ('those who fight together'). Transport and fuel supplies were laid on for the Interahamwe - even remote areas were catered for. Where the killers encountered opposition, the Army backed them up with manpower and weapons.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
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http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_rwanda1.html

The Illegal Drug Trade
Scope e Dimension of The Illegal Drug Trade
Segnalato da: Giorgio Angelo
1-5 anni
*
http://rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1339/MR1339.ch2.pdf

The internation court of Arusha
There are a number of major reasons why the work of the Registry and the position of the Registrar at the ICTR have been most difficult. The first is the location of the Tribunal at Arusha, Tanzania. There are several realities here, beginning with the fact that setting up the infrastructure of a properly functioning international criminal court falls on the Registrar, more than on any other organ of such a court. Even in the best of conditions, this is no easy task, and takes a considerable amount of time.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
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http://69.94.11.53/ENGLISH/speeches/adwiltonpark020202.htm

The marriage in the Code Napoleon (1804)
Chapter VI: Of the Respective Rights and Duties of Married Persons.

Segnalato da: Emanuela Coppa
19 anni in poi
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http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/code_nap.html

The memory Day of Genocide in Rwanda
On Wednesday, 7 April 2004, commemorative events will be taking place in Kigali, Dar-es-Salaam, New York and Geneva, as well as other capitals around the globe. In Kigali, Under-Secretary-General Ibrahim Gambari will represent the United Nations at the ceremonies. In New York, there will be a meeting of the General Assembly, and high-level panel discussions will be held in New York and Geneva.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.un.org/events/rwanda/programme.html

The mission of United Nations in Rwanda
In support of resumption of the negotiations, Rwanda and Uganda, in separate letters to the President of the Security Council on 22 February 1993, called for the deployment of United Nations military observers along the 150-kilometre common border in order to prevent the military use of the area, especially the transportation of military supplies. RPF control of the border has been extensive. Following consultations in the Security Council on 24 February concerning these letters, the Secretary-General decided to send a goodwill mission to Rwanda and Uganda.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.gmu.edu/departments/t-po/peace/unomur.html

The modern nuclear family
The evolution of “modern family” from the pre-industrial age till now.
Segnalato da: Emanuela Coppa
19 anni in poi
*
http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/the_modern_nuclear_family.html

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2006, divided into two equal parts, to Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank for their efforts to create economic and social development from below.
Segnalato da: Donata Cappello e Giulia Pagano
19 anni in poi
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http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html

The poverty threshold
The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed nations than in developing countries.
Segnalato da: Donata Cappello e Giulia Pagano
19 anni in poi
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold

The process of peace in Rwanda
The greatest success of the Arusha peace process is to be found in the manner in which it managed to restore trust and confidence among Rwandans of different ethnic groups — through addressing all the key areas in detail which had contributed to the conflict situation in Rwanda over decades. This was largely made possible by adopting a negotiation strategy which encouraged the parties to negotiate issues directly and in their own language with a view to achieve clear and common understanding on every issue that was negotiated.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No36/CrisisAndRes.html

The propaganda in Rwanda
How is it possible that media messages can convince people to commit atrocities, in some cases against their neighbors? What are the messages that were powerful enough to incite the genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda, the Holocaust, and the widespread murder, rape and torture of Muslims, Croatians, and Albanians in the Balkan conflict? What follows is an analysis of seven messages that consistently appear in the fiercest and most thorough campaigns of hate propaganda.
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
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http://gseweb.harvard.edu/~t656_web/peace/Articles_Spring_2004/Belman_Jonathan_hate_propaganda.htm

The responsabilities of the world about the Rwanda
In their hour-long meeting, Bushnell told Habyarimana that "Rwanda was in an historic transition, one which historians would record as being glorious, or ignominious and tragic." She observed that U.S. support of UN peacekeeping in Rwanda was in jeopardy and that "Rwanda was losing funding" from the U.S. "with each day of delay".
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB117/index.htm

THE RWANDA HISTORY

[ Pre-Colonial ] [ The armed struggle ] [ Genocide ] [ Eight years of progress ]

PRE-COLONIAL:

Pre-colonial Rwanda was a highly centralized Kingdom presided over by Tutsi kings who hailed from one one ruling clan. The king ruled throught three categories of chiefs: cattle chiefs; land chiefs; and military chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly, but not exclusively, Batutsi, especially the cattle and military chiefs. While the relationship between the king and the rest of the population was unequal, the relationship between the ordinary Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa was one of mutual benefit mainly through the exchange of their labour. The relationship was symbiotic. A clientele system called "Ubuhake" permeated the whole society.

COLONIAL:

In 1899 Rwanda became a German colony. After the defeat of the germans during WW1, subsequently in 1919 Rwanda became a mandate territory of the League of Nations under the administration of Belgium. The Germans and the belgians administered Rwanda through a system of indirect rule. During this colonial era, a cash crop economy was introduced in Rwanda, and this was administered through harsh methods that further alienated the King and his chiefs from the rest of the population.

In 1935 the Belgian colonial administration introduced a discriminatory national identification on the basis of ethnicity. Banyarwanda who possessed ten or more cows were registered as Batutsi wheras those with less were registered as Bahutu. At first, the belgian authorities, for political and practical reasons, favoured the King and his chiefs, who were mostly a Batutsi ruling elite. When the demand for independence began, mainly by a political party - Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR) - formed by people from the aforementioned ruling elite, the Belgian authorities hastily nurtured another party called PARMEHUTU that was founded on a sectarian ethnic ideology. Under the Belgian supervision, the first massacres of Batutsi at the hands of the PARMEHUTU occured in 1959. With Belgian connivance, PARMEHUTU abolished the monarchy amidst widespread violence. On July 1st, 1962 Belgium granted formal political independence to Rwanda.

POST-INDEPENDENCE:

From 1959 onwards, the population of Batutsi was targeted, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, and a population of almost two million Rwandese people in the Diaspora that was to last almost four decades.

The First Republic, under President Gregoire Kayibanda, institutionalised discrimination against Batutsi and periodically used massacres against this targeted population as a means of maintaining the status quo. some Rwandese groups in the diaspora attempted, without success to stage a comeback through armed means.

In 1965 Rwanda was declared a one-party state under MDR/PARMEHUTU, which was the architect of the racist ideology that was to be consolidated in the Second Republic under President Major General Juvenal Habyarimana.

In 1973 President Kayibanda was deposed in a coup d'etat that brought Major General Habyarimana to power. Subsequently, President Kayibanda and many prominent politicians of the First Republic were killed. More Batutsi were killed.

In 1975 President Habyarimana formed the Mouvement Revolutionaire Natinale pour le Developpement (MRND), a single ruling party that was to promulgate in 1978 a sham constitution that repeatedly returned him to office by organising "elections" in which he was the sole candidate.

Both the First and second Republics repeatedly stated that Rwanda was a small, overpopulated country that could not accomodate Rwandese refugees if they were to return. Increasingly, the population across the ethnic lines was marginalised and impoverished while Habyarimana's regime became more violently intolerant. The divisions within the ruling Bahutu clique that culminated in the coup d'etat of 1973 became more heightened in the 1970s and 1980s when the clique talked of Bahutu of the north and Bahutu of the south. Political activities remained banned.

THE RWANDESE PATRIOTIC FRONT (RPF):

Against a backdrop of entrenched divisive and genocidal ideology, repeated massacres, the persistent problems of refugees in the Diaspora, and the lack of avenues for peaceful political change, the Rwandese Alliance for National Unity (RANU) was formed in 1979 by some Rwandese in the Diaspora with an objective of mobilising Rwandese people to resolve these problems. Almost a decade later, in 1987, RANU became the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), whose objectives were:

To promote national unity and reconciliation;
To establish genuine democracy;
To provide security for all Rwandese;
To build an integrated and self-sustaining economy;
To eradicate corruption in all forms
To repatriate and resettle Rwandese refugees;
To devise and implement policies that promote the social welfare of all Rwandese and;
To pursue a foreign policy based on equality, peaceful co-existence and mutual benefit between Rwanda and other countries.
THE ARMED STRUGGLE:

Most of the world had never heard of the RPF until October 1st, 1990 - the day the war of liberation against the military dictatorship in Kigali began.

Taking up arms was not an easy decision to make. War has always been the last option in the consideration of the RPF. However, all efforts for peaceful and democratic change in our country had so far proved futile.

It had become apparent that only by taking up arms could anyone wishing to put an end to the dictatorship and the violation of our peoples' fundamental rights hope to succeed. The regime had ammassed a huge coercive state machinery using violence to oppress the people. The taking up of arms against the regime was therefore considered not just a right, but also a patriotic and national obligation.

When the war began, Rwandese peasants and workers, students and intellectuals, men and women from every region and "ethnic" or social group, responded to the call of the Rwandese Patriotic Front to rid our country of dictatorship.

With the beginning of the armed struggle, France, Belgium, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (then Zaire) hurriedly dispatched troops to Rwanda to support the dictatorial regime.

THE SEARCH FOR PEACE:

As the war for liberation escalated, RPF still attempted to seek peaceful ways of resolving the conflict. On March 29th, 1991, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the RPF and the then Government of Rwanda signed the N'sele Ceasefire Agreement which provided for, among other things, cessation of hostilities, withdrawal of foreign troops, exchange of prisoners of war and finally, seriuos political negotiations to end the conflict. immediately after signing the agreement, the Government of Rwanda ridiculed the said agreement as the war intensified.

As the regime became more desperate, massacres of Batutsi in various parts of the country became widespread in a delibrate effort of ethnic cleansing. The regime used violence to harass and silence the emerging internal political opposition. Violence was also used to derail the peace process. After a long period of negotiation that took place in arusha, tanzania, the Arusha Peace Agreement was signed on August 4th, 1993.

The Arusha Peace Agreement was preceeded by the signing of the agreement on a new ceasefire, as well as parties agreeing on the following principles:

That there was neither democracy nor the practice of the rule of law in Rwanda;
That a broad-based government of national unity, including parties of different political persuasions was necessary to oversee the transition to democracy;
That the rwandese army was not national in character and that it was necessary to set up a truly national army from among members of the two existing armies;and
That Rwandese refugees have a legitimate inalienable right to return home.
THE ARUSHA PEACE AGREEMENT:

The Arusha Peace Agreement was structured around five pillars:

The establishment of the rule of law;
Power-sharing
Repatriation and resettlement of refugees and internally displaced people;
The integration of armed forces;and
Other miscellaneous provisions.
It was particularly the power-sharing arrangements that threatened members of the regime. The Arucha Peace Agreement threatened the basis of their power and privilege, which they had so far enjoyed without serious challenge. Given the fact that they had always relied on the army as the instrument of maintaining their grip on power at any cost, it is clear why they were very opposed to the idea of integration of the armed forces.

The Arusha Peace Agreement was signed on August 4th, 1993 and was supposed to have been implemented within 37 days, beginning with the establishment of the institutions of the presidency, cabinet and the National Assembly. A United Nations force was supposed to oversee this process. RPF honoured all its commitments when in December 1993 it sent 600 of its troops to Kigali, as well as members of the Executive who were supposed to be members of the transitional government. The mind of the regime on the other hand, was focused on the preparation for genocide.

The Arusha Peace Agreement was never implemented although its principal provisions now constitute the Fundamental Law of the Republic of Rwanda.

The first massacres in Rwanda took place in 1959. Thereafter, almost in a regular manner, killings of the Batutsi became a habit. In the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s massacres of Batutsi were common. Between April and July 1994, over 1 million Rwandese people, mainly Batutsi and some Bahutu opposition were killed by the genocidal regime.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.gov.rw/government/historyf.html

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the full text of which appears in the following pages. Following this historic act the Assembly called upon all Member countries to publicize the text of the Declaration and "to cause it to be disseminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories."

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html

The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
Despite overwhelming evidence of genocide and knowledge as to its perpetrators, United States officials decided against taking a leading role in confronting the slaughter in Rwanda. Rather, US officials confined themselves to public statements, diplomatic demarches, initiatives for a ceasefire, and attempts to contact both the interim government perpetrating the killing and the RPF. The US did use its influence, however, at the United Nations, but did so to discourage a robust UN response (Document 4 and Document 13). In late July, however, with the evidence of genocide littering the ground in Rwanda, the US did launch substantial operations—again, in a supporting role—to assist humanitarian relief efforts for those displaced by the genocide.

Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html

The victims of genocide in Rwanda
During the 1994 genocide, Rwandan women were subjected to sexual violence on a massive scale, perpetrated by members of the infamous Hutu militia groups known as the Interahamwe, by other civilians, and by soldiers of the Rwandan Armed Forces (Forces Armées Rwandaises, FAR), including the Presidential Guard. Administrative, military and political leaders at the national and local levels, as well as heads of militia, directed or encouraged both the killings and sexual violence to further their political goal: the destruction of the Tutsi as a group. They therefore bear responsibility for these abuses
Segnalato da: Fia Alessia
19 anni in poi
*
http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm

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